A CASE OF BAIQ NURIL IN MEDIA: SARA MILLS’ CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Writing in the media, a journalist can create his/her own framing, to be in favor or bias. The framing created will show the subject, the object, the victim or the perpetrator of a case from the point of view of the journalist. This study focuses on the position of subject, object, reader, and the ideology in PRI media and The Sydney Morning Herald media in the case of Baiq Nuril Makmun. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method and analyzed by using discourse analysis framework of Sara Mills. The result of data analysis in the articles show that Jokowi and Nuril are mostly put as subject. On the other side, Nuril is also written as object. Furthermore, based on reader position, the authors mostly use pronoun ‘he’, ‘her’, and ‘she‘. By using third person pronoun, readers are in the position of outsiders which can follow the storyline objectively from both of subject and object position. The ideology of the articles show that a leader uphold justice and solve injustice case that is received by Nuril because she becomes a victim two times, of the immoral action and the violation of Electronic Information and Transactions law.


INTRODUCTION
Even Though "News objectivity is an ethical aspect of journalism practice which has helped to isolate individual journalistic bias and opinions from the actual state of events." (Akpan et al., 2012, p. 726), it is unavoidable that each journalist may have different points of view related to an issue. According to Halper (2018, p. 17) "There has never been a totally neutral media. Even in the "good old days," the press (as it used to be called) often reflected the beliefs and prejudices of the era in which they were reporting." The beliefs and prejudices will be shown in the frame of the news. The journalist is able to put people in an issue as subject, object, victim, etc. As a result, news contained meaning and intention as a motive that was written by the author because the author has held his own world in his writings. "They can try to convince their audience, provide information, or weave a narrative" (Roberts, 2017, p. 4). When informing and convincing the readers, the writer/author may arrange the sentence into persuasive to convince the readers (Roberts, 2017). Thus, the discourse in the mass media can also shape the reader's awareness, consciously or not, readers do the desired by the mass media.
The effect of the author's intention could be positive or negative so that it is very important to know what motives that the author has and also know how to identify the author's intention in writing. One of many ways to know what the author's intention is using the identification of the subject-object position. Subject-object position is how one party, group, person, idea, or event is displayed in a certain way on a news discourse that affects the meaning when it is received by the audience. The position of various social actors, ideas, or events that are placed in the text, determine the form of text presented in the middle of the audience, certain events or groups. Since media discourse has a tendency of not being neutral, media tend to display certain actors as subjects, which define certain events or groups. That position determines all building elements of text, in the sense that parties who have a high position to define reality will display other events or groups in the form of certain discourse structures that will be presented to the audience.
Author's positioning the subject and object in writing is related to his/her ideology.
Ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs, or stance which determine a perspective with which to interpret realities. . Therefore, the author's ideology can influence his/her writing. For instance, when writing the news about harassment, and violence to women, he/she also has choices whether he/she puts woman as an object, a victim (Pluckrose, 2018), or as a subject, as the perpetrator instead.
Positioning of women in media has always been investigated by using Sara Mills framework. Research of Nabila (2016), entitled "Sara Mills Critical Discourse Analysis on Two News Articles About Sahar Gul"applied the critical discourse analysis by Sara Mills, to investigate subject-object and the reader position of two articles written by different gender of journalist. She found that male gender of journalist gives a marginal position of object in the article and only subject tells the story of the victim. Readers position are also directed to assume that only women as victims.
This study is applies the same critical discourse analysis of Sara Mills. Unlike the other study, this research does not only investigate the subject, object, and readers' position but also focuses on the ideology applied by the media. It is applied because the analysis of ideology applied will give more comprehension of the analysis of Baiq Nuril's case.
Related to the case of Baiq Nuril, a woman who got involved in a sexual harassment case written in media, this study would investigate the following research questions.

RESEARCH METHODS
The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative method. The discourse analysis is applied to analyze and describe the text. As data source, the two articles with different gender of journalist about violence against women from PRI media entitled "An Indonesian defamation law landed this teacher 6 months in jail for documenting her abuser." published in November 29, 2018. The other article is taken from The Sydney Morning Herald media, entitled"'I went to prison and he got promoted': Indonesia's #MeTooMoment." published in December 22, 2018. These articles will be analyzed by using critical discourse analysis of Sara Mills, which focuses on woman. Then, to analyze the positioning of actors and ideology of the text, there will be analysis of sentences and grammar feature. Thus, the methodology will provide complete comprehension of the case portrayed by the media.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In Sara Mills' research framework of critical discourse analysis, text becomes the unit of analysis. This research framework consists of two stages. The first stage is the identification stage which consists of three features, such as subject-object, reader position, and ideology.
Research Framework of Sara Mills (Eriyanto, 2001) Identification stage is the process of showing, proving or recognizing what something is in the text (Eriyanto, 2001). As shown in the figure of Sara Mills' framework, the identification stage the analysis of discourse would identify the subjectobject position, reader position, and the ideology. Generally, subject position is filled by a noun, which can be a person, place, thing, or noun phrase. The subject is an actor represented by the discourse who defines an event or group.
Also, the subject is the actor who has strong position to define reality. The object position is a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed. Object position is generally believed in discourse that most texts represent women as objects rather than subjects. As an object, he/she cannot represent him/herself in the text as his/her appearances represented by other actors (subject). Each text contains a message which the reader accepts (or reject) as given or obvious. The reader is supposed to find as obviously what the text is about. To address the readers, a writer/author uses pronouns to place themselves in the text displayed. Personal pronoun is a tool used by an author to show human's position in discourse. Personal pronouns such as "I" and "we" used by an author to shows his/her attitude of the representation to certain side, community, or group's attitude. It is to show the implication to grow solidarity or alliance. In addition pronoun "we" and "they" can also be used to identify who the protagonist and antagonist is.
In one text, there are subject position, object position and the third position. If the third position as narrator, the pattern of the article will be objective seen from two sides of subject and object. If subject position is as narrator, subject position will be higher than object position and opposite.
The last part, in the identification stage is Ideology. Ideology is a belief, a way of looking at the world that is often codified as a doctrine. "Ideology is a set of belief system that constitute the person's beliefs, values, goals, and anticipation (Van Dijk, 2004). It is related to the intention of the author. For example, the author can persuade, inform, or entertain. The existence of differences in point of views and intentions between writers can be a sign of differences in certain ideological motives hidden in the mass media. According to Sara Mills, ideology of author is appeared by the positioning of subject and object in an article. As a result, all the positions which are shown and placed in a text create an implicit ideology of the article.
In order to find the ideology implied by the journalist on the text, this analysis uses Schneider's (2013) guide that is based on Paul Chilton (2004), andNorman Fairclough (1994) discourse, to identify some grammatical features such as subject and object, pronoun, adjective, and active-passive voice. If a journalist writes an article using active voice, it will emphasize the position of subject and marginalized the position of object in the text. For example, the sentence "a doctor raped a girl" means that as the subject, the doctor, was able to do something and has the power to do certain thing. In this case is to rape the girl. As the object, the girl doesn't have the power to do certain things. The object cannot retell her position by herself. If the journalist uses passive voice, it will focus on the position of an object as dominant side. For example, "a girl was raped by a doctor" means that the girl becomes an object as it is structured in the sentence. Thus, the girl will be told by the person who became a victim by the journalist.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data sources of the articles are two articles entitled "Jokowi Suggests Baiq Nuril Lodges Case Review" and "An Indonesian defamation law landed this teacher 6 month in jail for documenting her abuser" which are related to the case of Baiq Nuril Makmun.
According to tempo.co, the case started when Baiq Nuril Maknun allegedly suffered verbal sexual harassment committed by the former headmaster of the school where she worked. The headmaster often shared his sexual experiences with a woman who is not his wife. Baiq Nuril recorded the harassment using a cellphone. She did not report it to the authorities because she was worried that her job would be threatened. However, Baiq gave the recording to one of her relatives and the recording was spread. The school principal finally reported Nuril with an accusation of violation of Article 27 paragraph 1 of the ITE Law because of spreading the recording of obscene conversations. In Mataram District Court, she was proven innocent. However, the Public Prosecutor filed an appeal. The Supreme Court hearing the cassation handed down a guilty verdict against Nuril because it was considered to distribute electronic information containing immoral content. Nuril was sentenced to 6 months in jail and fined Rp. 500 million. Nuril submitted a judicial review to the Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court rejected the judicial review proposed. The last way for Nuril to get justice is to get an amnesty from the president. The media published these two articles when Nuril tries to get amnesty from the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo.
Thus, this case is analyzed by applying the critical discourse analysis framework of Sara Mills.
In the identification stage the analysis will be seen from subject position, object position, reader position, and ideology.

Analysis of Subject Position
The data show that in subject position, the author puts Jokowi and Baiq Nuril as subjects in most clauses in the two articles. The data show that subject written by the journalist in form of name (Jokowi or Baiq Nuril) or pronoun. For example, the subject in "President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo has supported Baiq Nuril Maqnun" is President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo. This clause is formed in an active voice so that the subject of the clause performs the action has supported toward the object Nuril. By placing Jokowi as a President who supports Nuril Baiq Makmun, it indicates that Jokowi, as president, has an empathy toward Nuril's case, so that Jokowi has to help Nuril to solve her case. By using the word 'president', it could mean that the author wanted to emphasize the position of Jokowi as the subject who becomes the leader and has more power of this nation, Indonesia.
Also, the one who is always put in the subject of the main clause is Baiq Nuril as "Nuril recorded the conversation as a way to protect herself and as evidence". This clause is formed in an active voice so that the subject of the clause performs the action. As the subject, Nuril performed the action recorded toward the object the conversation. Also, there is a prepositional phrase "as a way to protect herself and as evidence" that functioned to modify the word "the conversation" as an object of main clause. This prepositional phrase also helps to explain the readers why Nuril Baiq Makmun recorded the conversation which in fact, to protect herself.
Sometimes the authors use long sentences, which consists of several clauses. The analysis of each clause shows that the subject position still focuses on Jokowi or Baiq Nuril. For example, the sentence "Jokowi recommended that Nuril should file a case review (PK) on the MA verdict, which found her guilty, and maintain respect to the ruling." consists of four clauses. The first clause is formed as a main clause "Jokowi recommended" while the second, third, and fourth clause are formed as a subordinate clauses. The second clause is formed as a noun clause "that Nuril should file a case review (PK) on the MA verdict" and third clause is formed as relative or adjective clause "which found her guilty, and maintain respect to the ruling" while the fourth clause is also formed as noun clause. These clauses are also formed into active voices.
According to this sentence, the subject of main clause in second sentence "Jokowi recommended that Nuril should file a case review (PK) on the MA verdict, which found her guilty, and maintain respect to the ruling" is Jokowi. This clause is formed in an active voice so that the subject of the clause performs the action. As the subject, Jokowi perfomed the action recommended toward the noun clause "that Nuril should file a case review (PK) on the MA verdict, which found her guilty, and maintain respect to the ruling" which function as the object that can be replaced by the pronoun it. This paragraph is also formed as a reported speech from Jokowi's statement about a recommendation from Jokowi toward Nuril Baiq. Also, by giving another utterance from Jokowi, the author would like to show that this quotation is a form of support conducted by Jokowi toward Nuril, and increasingly reassures readers that Jokowi indeed supports Nuril Baiq Makmun.
Moreover, the subject of noun clause " that Nuril should file a case review (PK) on the MA verdict," is Nuril. This clause is formed in an active voice so that the subject of this clause performs the action. In this case, as the subject, Nuril perfomed the action toward the object a case review. Also, this clause talked about a form of support from Jokowi as a recommendation for Nuril baiq Makmun to file a case review. Furthermore, the third clause "which found her guilty, and maintain respect to the ruling" is formed as an relative clause. The word 'which' is a relative pronoun that refers to the MA verdict. This relative clause is also used to give more information about the MA verdict in which Nuril baiq Makmun was found guilty. According to the passage, the subject of relative clause is which that refers to the MA verdict. This clause is formed in an active voice so that the subject of this clause performs the action. Also, the MA verdict perfomed the action found toward the object that refers to Nuril Baiq Makmun guiltiness.
Last, the subject of clause " that Nuril should file a case review (PK) on the MA verdict, which found her guilty, and maintain respect to the ruling." is Nuril because this clause is a continuation of the noun clause which positioned Nuril Baiq Makmun as the subject. This clause is formed in an active voice so that the subject of this clause performs the action. As the subject, Nuril perfomed the action maintain toward the object respect. This clause still talked about Jokowi who gave some recommendation to Nuril Baiq Makmun.
Another data show that subject which refers to Jokowi or Baiq Nuril is in quotation of direct sentence, as in data of "I strongly support Ibu Baiq Nurul to seek justice," said Jokowi at Sidoharjo Market in Lamongan, East Java, as quoted from a press release of the Presidential Secretariat on Monday, November 19". As in this case, Jokowi performed the action said toward the object as a noun clause "I strongly support Ibu Baiq Nurul to seek justice." This sentence is formed as a quoted speech from Jokowi's statement which shows that he supported Nuril Baiq's position as a victim.
Also, since it is in direct quotation, the subject is written by pronoun I. Pronoun I refers to Jokowi as a subject of main clause and it was used by the author to tell a story from Jokowi's perspective. Thus, by using a pronoun I the readers can position themselves into the first person point of view which is Jokowi's point of view as a person who supports Nuril Baiq Makmun. As an addition, the word strongly is an adverb that can also help to explain more about the verb.
Meanwhile, the word strongly shows firm and serious opinions or beliefs from Jokowi to support Nuril Baiq Makmun.
Furthermore, Baiq Nuril as the subject is also written as 'a woman' in the sentence "A woman was sentenced to six months in prison by Indonesia's Supreme Court in early November for recording a sexually explicit phone call" is A woman. This clause is formed in a passive voice so that the subject of the sentence actually suffered from something done by the object or agent.

As in this case, A woman has an action as sentenced that carried on by the object or agent
Indonesia's Supreme Court because of recording a sexually explicit phone call of the preposition phrase for recording a sexually explicit phone call.
When talking about the case of what the headmaster had done to Nuril, the journalist puts the headmaster in subject position as in "In retaliation, the headmaster sued Nuril for defamation" is the headmaster. This sentence is formed in an active voice so that the subject of the sentence performs the action in the sentence. In this case, the headmaster performed the action sued to the object Nuril.
Based on the analysis, subject position mostly refers to Joko Widodo and Baiq Nuril. It can be filled in proper noun, pronoun, or direct quotation form. It shows that even though Baiq Nuril is the victim of the case, the media place her as a person who is an active doer.

Analysis of Object Position
In object position, mostly Baiq Nuril Maqnun is placed as an object. She is written in sentences in the position of direct object either in form of word, phrase or clause. The data which shows Baiq Nuril in the position of direct object as noun is the sentence "President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo has supported Baiq Nuril Maqnun". This clause is formed in an active voice so that the object becomes the one who received the action by the subject and it is always defined by the subject. As the object, Baiq Nuril Maqnun has been supported by the subject Jokowi.
Another form of direct object is in quoted speech from Jokowi statement. In the sentence "I strongly support Ibu Baiq Nurul to seek justice.", the direct object of noun clause in the first sentence is Ibu Baiq Nurul. This clause is formed in an active voice so that the object becomes the one who received the action by the subject and it is always defined by the subject. As a direct object in the quotation, Ibu Baiq Nurul is strongly supported by the subject I that refers to Jokowi. This sentence informed that Nuril Baiq Makmun has been supported by Jokowi as the person who has firm and serious opinions or beliefs to support her to seek justice. In the sentence, Joko Widodo addressed Baiq Nuril with 'Ibu Baiq Nuril' which shows his respect to Baiq Nuril and her spirit to get justice.
Related to the action done by the headmaster, Baiq Nuril is also put as the object in a sentence which states that M as the agent of the harassment placed as subject as in "M frequently contacted her, sharing his experience of having sexual intercourses with a woman who was not his wife". The direct object in the sentence is her. This sentence is formed in an active voice so that the object becomes the one who received the action by the subject and it is always defined by the subject. As the object, her that refers to Nuril that was frequently contacted by the subject M that refers to the headmaster. Also in the sentence, "In retaliation, the headmaster sued Nuril for defamation", the object is Nuril. This sentence is formed in an active voice so that the object becomes the one who received the action by the subject and it is always defined by the subject. As an object, Nuril was sued by the subject the headmaster.
Another finding is sometimes the journalist used passive form. By using passive form and placed Nuril at the beginning, Nuril will be seen as the subject of the sentence. In fact, she was placed in object position while the doer is in prepositional phrase. In the sentence "Baiq Nuril, an honorary teacher at SMAN 7 Mataram, was sexually harassed by the school principal identified only as M in 2017" the object becomes the one who is expressed as an agent or doer. As an object, the school principal had harassed the subject Baiq Nuril. Even though Nuril is mentioned first in the sentence, she is actually placed as object of something done by the headmaster.
Baiq Nuril is also placed as direct object in the sentence talking about the court verdict.
In the sentence "The court found that Nuril was guilty under two sections of Article 27 of the ITE law", the direct object is in form of a noun clause that Nuril was guilty under two sections of Article 27 of the ITE law. This sentence is formed in an active voice so that the object becomes the one who received the action by the subject and it is always defined by the subject. As an object, it was found by the subject the court. As an object, Nuril was found guilty by the subject the court because of two sections of Article 27 of the ITE law.
The long sentences in the articles can be broken down into clauses to analyze the objects position. The sentence, A woman was sentenced to six months in prison by Indonesia's Supreme Court in early November for recording a sexually explicit phone call she received from her boss, who had been harassing her at work is formed as complex sentence which consists of three clauses. The first clause "A woman was sentenced to six months in prison by Indonesia's Supreme Court in early November for recording a sexually explicit phone call" is a main clause while the second clause "she received from her boss" and third clause "who had been harassing her at work" are subordinate clauses that has equal position. The second and third clause are formed as adjective clauses. Moreover, the first and third clause are written in passive voices while the second is written in active voice. As an addition, there are also preposition phrases placed in the first, second, and third clause.

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The object of main clause in first clause "A woman was sentenced to six months in prison by Indonesia's Supreme Court in early November for recording a sexually explicit phone call" is Indonesia's Supreme Court. This clause is formed in a passive voice so that the object becomes the one who expressed as an agent or doer. In the first clause, the object Indonesia's Supreme Court is an agent who had sentenced A woman. Moreover, the object of second clause as an adjective clause "she received from her boss" is a sexually explicit phone call as a direct object.
This clause is formed in an active voice so that the object becomes the one who received the action by the subject and it is always defined by the subject. As the object, a sexually explicit phone call was recieved by the subject (she) that refers to Nuril Baiq Makmun. As an addition, there is also indirect object which is her boss which refers to the headmaster.
Last, the object of third clause as an adjective clause "who had been harassing her at work" is her as a direct object. This clause is formed in an passive voice so that the object becomes the one who is expressed as an agent or doer. As the object, her refers to a woman that got harassed by the subject who that refers to her boss.
In general, object positions mostly refer to Baiq Nuril, either in the form of a proper noun, pronoun, or passive form. She is positioned as direct object when talking about the sexual harassment case with the headmaster or in the information of proceedings in court.
Based on the analysis in subject and object position, the findings can be sum up in the following

Reader Position
In reader position, the pronoun used by the author can affect the reader to position himself/herself in the text. Based on the analysis of two articles of twenty nine paragraphs, there are pronouns he, her, and she which are mostly used. Pronoun 'he' is a masculine third-person and singular pronoun. Pronoun 'he' was used by the author into this paragraph to substitute Jokowi as the subject.
Pronoun her is a feminime third person singular pronoun. Pronoun 'her' was used by author into this paragraph to substitute Nuril Baiq Makmun as the object position. Based on the analysis, pronoun she is also used the most in this article. Pronoun 'she' is a feminime third-person and singular pronoun. Pronoun 'she' was used by author into this paragraph to substitute Nuril Baiq Makmun as the subject. Also, pronoun her is a feminime third person singular pronoun. Pronoun 'her' was used by the author in the articles to substitute Nuril Baiq Makmun in the object position.
By using most of third person singular pronouns, the readers get the complete story from all perspectives. Also, by using third person pronoun, the storyline of the article will be told in objective and seen from two sides of subject and object position. This article used third-person objective to make narration which seems neutral and by using it, the storyline of the article will be told in objective because the readers are positioned as outsiders of the story.

Analysis of Ideology
In the first article, the ideology is seen from three aspects Second, regarding the grammar feature, pronoun he, she and her were mostly used in this article. Pronoun 'he' is a masculine third-person and singular pronoun. By using third person pronoun, the storyline of the article will be told in objective and seen from two sides of subject and object position. Pronoun 'she' is a feminime third-person and singular pronoun. Pronoun 'she' was used by author into this paragraph to substitute Nuril Baiq Makmun as the subject. Also, pronoun 'her' is a feminime third person singular pronoun. Pronoun 'her' was used by author into this paragraph to substitute Nuril Baiq Makmun as the object position. By using third person pronoun, the storyline of the article will be told in objective seen from two side of subject and object position. As a result, the readers get the complete story from Nuril Baiq Makmun perspectives as a subject who can tells the story from her thoughts and as an object who can tell the story without provides her thought.
Moreover, based on the adjective in article one, there are adjectives such as guilty, immoral, In addition, based on the adjective words from first paragraph to twenty first paragraph, the adjective words such as sexual, pornographic, extramarital, and guilty were used in this article.
The adjective word used to tell more about judgements that the text passed. Here, adjective sexual means a way that is connected with the physical activity of sex. Adjective sexual taken from sentence he boasted of his sexual relationship with another teacher means that headmaster talks proundly about his relationship connected to the physical activity of sex. Also, adjective pornographic means it is intended to make people sexually excited by showing naked people or sexual acts. Adjective pornographic taken from a pornographic content means that a content contain of sexual acts. Then, adjective extramarital means something that happens outside marriage. Adjective extramarital that is taken from object extramarital relationship means that the relationship that happens outside marriage which is illegal. Last, adjective guilty that is taken from clause The court found that Nuril was guilty means that Nuril Baiq Makmun as the person who was found having done something illegal by the Court.
Last, based on the voice from the articles, active voice were the most patterns used in this article. By using the active voice, the author focuses on the position of subject and marginalized the position of an object. In this case, the author mostly puts Jokowi as the subject so that he can tell his support to Nuril Baiq Makmun, while Nuril Baiq Makmun was put by the author as an object who is supported by Jokowi as the subject who can define her position.
Finally, according to identification of the aspects, the ideology of article one is the author would like to tell a story about a leader-a president who is believed by citizens to uphold justice in Indonesia and to solve injustice case received by Nuril. Meanwhile, in the second article, it is revealed that the author would like to give a message about Nuril Baiq Makmun who becomes a victim twice from the immoral action perpetrated by headmaster and the violation under two sections of Article 27 of Electronic Information and Transactions law.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis, it is summed up that Jokowi is found as a subject in the first article, while in the second article, Nuril is as the subject. Moreover, regarding object position, both (first and second) articles position Nuril as the object.
Furthermore, in reader position of first and second article, pronoun 'he' and 'her' are the most pronouns used in the first sentence, while in the second sentence, pronoun 'she' and 'her' are mostly used. As a result, by using third person pronoun, the storyline of the article will be told in objective and based on the perspective of both sides, subject and object position.
Last, the author of the first article writes based on Joko Widodo's perspective as the person who is believed by citizens as the president who can uphold justice in Indonesia and solve the injustice received by Nuril. Besides, in the second article, it is found that the ideology of this article is the author would like to give a message about Nuril Baiq Makmun who becomes a victim of two issues which are the immoral action of headmaster and the violation under two sections of Article 27 of Electronic Information and Transactions law.